Chemistry Sample page

Student Manual First Semester Week 2: Properties of Matter

 1. State as many of the physical properties of matter as you can.

  

2. State as many of the chemical properties of matter as you can.

  

3. What is the difference between extensive properties and intensive properties?

 

4. What is the difference between homogeneous substances and heterogeneous substances? Give some examples of each.

  

5. What factors do you look for to see if any physical changes have occurred in a particular sample of matter?

  

6. What factors do you look for to see if any chemical changes have occurred in a particular sample of matter?

  

7. Define ‘element’.

  

8. Since we will be using the symbols for many elements for the rest of the year, you will need to memorize the following elements and their symbols: Element numbers 1-20, 24-30, 35, 38, 47-48, 50, 53, 56, 79, 80, and 82

 

9. What are ‘subatomic particles’? Name them, and their charges, if any.

  

10. State the history of the discovery of each of the particles of the atom, the atom itself, and be sure to include what each of the following contributed: Eugen Goldstein, Robert Milliken, J. J. Thompson, Rutherford, Neils Bohr, Louis de Broglie, and Erwin Schrodinger.

 Pre-Lab Questions to Answer:

1. Write what the importance of observation is to the scientist and why.

 

2. Write down 3 observations you observed about the weather yesterday afternoon, WITHOUT talking to anyone.

 

Student Manual First Semester Chemistry Lab 2: Observation

Lab Purpose:

• To develop skills in observation and in interpreting what is observed

Procedure:

Observation of elements and compounds:

1. Record on your report sheet all you observe regarding the physical properties of each of the test tubes provided, WITHOUT taking the stoppers out of the test tubes. Record as many properties as possible: texture, color, state…
2. On your report sheet, record what can be said about the differences of these element’s physical properties and the compounds containing them.

 Equipment needed:

• 2 sets of vials, prepared by instructor (set 1: copper, sulfur, and cupric sulfate), (set 2:  carbon, hydrogen gas with oxygen gas, and sugar )

 Data and Observations:

 

Vial	Set 1 Observations
Cu
S
CuSO4
	Set 2 Observations
C
H2 and O2
C6H12O6

 

First Semester Chemistry Quiz 2

Write the letter that is front of each of these words on the appropriate blanks below)

A. electron	G. extensive property
B. proton	H. intensive property
C. neutron	I. Plum Pudding Model
D. heterogeneous mixture	J. Bohr model
E. homogeneous solution	K. Rutherford’s model
F. element	L. quark

 

1. The mixture of more than one substance that is the same throughout. _______

 

2. The positively charged particle of the atom. ____________________ 

 

3. A substance that cannot be broken down into smaller parts, is unique in its number of protons. ____________

                                                   

4. The neutral particle of the atom. ___________________

 

5. A property that is independent on the amount of a substance ______________

               

6. A mixture of more than one substance that remains physically distinct from other parts of the mixture. _________________

 

7. Three of these are thought to make up a proton and three a neutron. ______

               

8. The negatively charged particle of the atom. __________________

 

9. The last particle of the atom to be proven to exist: ________________

 

10. This model of the atom was proposed by a man that states the electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels: ___________________

 

11. This model of the electron was proposed by J.J. Thompson: ______________

 

12. This is also called the Planetary Model of the atom: __________________

Answer these to the best of your ability.

13. State a characteristic of a physical change taking place in a substance.

                  

 

 

14. State a characteristic of a chemical change taking place in a substance.

 

 

15. What will you be doing in the lab today?

     

16. In the space after each element write the symbol for it, OR if a symbol is given, write the name of the element.

 

Copper _________	Helium _________	Fe _________________
Potassium _______	Oxygen _________	I _________________
Lead __________	Sulfur __________	C _________________
Gold __________	Zinc ___________	Al _________________
Bromine ________	Ni ______________	Na ________________
Fluorine ________	Ca ______________	Ag ________________
Hydrogen _____	P _______________

 

Parent Manual Week 2: Properties of Matter

1. State as many of the physical properties of matter as you can.

The physical properties of matter are those that describe its appearance.  (Size, shape, color, density, taste and smell, malleability, hardness/softness, physical state…)  This property is easily determined, and doing so does not alter the substance.

 2. State as many of the chemical properties of matter as you can.

The chemical properties are those that describe how it reacts with other substances to form new ones.  This property is not easily determined, and doing so necessitates a chemical reaction which alters it.

 3. What is the difference between extensive properties and intensive properties?

Extensive properties are properties that are dependent on the amount of the substance (such as the volume or mass).  Intensive properties are independent on the amount of the substance (such as density), in other words: the property will be the same no matter the amount.

 4. What is the difference between homogeneous substances and heterogeneous substances?  Give some examples of each.

Homogenous matter is matter that is the same throughout (examples: solid iron bar, sweetened tea, pure water…) and heterogeneous matter is matter that is not the same throughout (examples: milk, a pencil, muddy water…) and also has distinct phases (separate areas with a definite line of separation; a mixture usually settles into different phases if left to itself like oil and water does after they are mixed together).

 5. What factors do you look for to see if any physical changes have occurred in a particular sample of matter?

Characteristics of a physical reaction taking place are that which only affects the physical properties of a substance.  The size changes, yet it still remains the same substance.  The sugar cube has been hit with a hammer, turning the sugar cube into granules.  It still remains sugar, it is only in smaller pieces.  A piece of paper that is torn, both pieces is still the same paper, only the physical is affected.  Another example is a substance changing its state (solid to liquid to gas, for example, ice-water-steam).  The change can usually be reversed by undergoing another physical change (ice to water, then water to ice)  Other physical characteristics: hardness, malleability and odor.  If more than one substance mixes together physically, they can be separated by physical means.  The substances do not change into new substances.

 6. What factors do you look for to see if any chemical changes have occurred in a particular sample of matter?

Characteristics of a chemical reaction taking place are that which a chemical change occurs in the substance causing it to become a different substance chemically.  This can only be reversed by undergoing another chemical change.  Examples of a chemical change taking place, that can be observed, are: gas bubbles forming, an obvious color change, a precipitate forms (tiny solid pieces that usually fall to the bottom of the solution during a chemical change), and if the container becomes warmer or colder (heat is generated or absorbed), or if energy is given off in another form (flame or flash of light).

 7. Define ‘element’.

An element is the basic building block of matter, the smallest part of a substance, in the form of an atom, with its own characteristic number of protons and electrons.

 8. Since we will be using the symbols for many elements for the rest of the year, you will need to memorize the following elements and their symbols: Element numbers 1-20, 24-30, 35, 38, 47-48, 50, 53, 56, 79, 80, and 82

Refer to the Periodic Table of the Elements for the names and symbols for all the numbers that the student will memorize.

 9. What are ‘subatomic particles’?  Name them, and their charges, if any.

The subatomic particles are the electron, with a negative charge, the neutron, with a neutral charge, and the proton, with a positive charge.  There are also quarks, the ‘up quarks’ and the ‘down quarks’.  The up quarks have a positive 2/3 charge, and the down quarks have a negative 1/3 charge.  These are thought to make up the protons (2 up quarks and one down quark) and the neutrons (1 up quark and 2 down quarks). Neutrinos and the mesons (short-lived, unstable subatomic particle that can have either charge or be neutral).

 10. State the history of the discovery of each of the particles of the atom, the atom itself, and be sure to include what each of the following contributed: Eugen Goldstein, Robert Milliken, J. J. Thompson, Rutherford, Neils Bohr, Louis de Broglie,  and Erwin Schrodinger.

This is just a highlighted version of the history of the atom.

1859: Julius Pluker discovers a phenomenon in evacuated gas discharge tubes: there is an electrical current

1874: George Stoney links the units of electrical charges with atoms (are named electrons later on)

1886: Eugen Goldstein finds in his research that the positive rays made in a cathode ray tube flow in the opposite direction of the cathode ray.

1909: Robert Milliken finds in his research using the ‘oil drop’ experiment the charge of the electron

1911: Rutherford’s lab, through experiments by Geiger and Marsden, proposed the atom must have a solid, hard-packed center containing the protons with the electrons orbiting around the center like planets.

1913: Neils Bohr proposes the electrons orbit in specific energy levels, and as long as the electron remained in that orbit, it could not give off any energy in the form of light

1920: Rutherford proposes the existence of a neutral particle in the atom

1924:  Louis de Broglie proposed the particles of the atom that are in motion have the properties of waves, and the electron can be shown to behave as a wave as well as a particle.

1926: Erwin Schrodinger proposed that the electron in orbit around the protons and neutrons of an atom behaves as a 3-D matter wave containing an integral number of wavelengths in an orbit (in other words, no fractions of the wavelengths, only whole numbered wavelengths)

1932: James Chadwick proves the existence of the neutron

 

Pre-Lab Questions to Answer:

1. Write what the importance of observation is to the scientist and why it

is important. 

Something like: The more detailed observations a scientist can record, the more precise and accurate it is.  And the more accurately and precisely the experiment can be repeated.

2. Write down 3 observations you observed about the weather yesterday afternoon, WITHOUT talking to anyone.

Answers will vary (usually the student will not remember a lot about yesterday’s weather).

Parent Manual First Semester Chemistry Quiz 2

Use these words to answer the following (may be used more than once)

A. electron	G. extensive property
B. proton	H. intensive property
C. neutron	I. Plum Pudding Model
D. heterogeneous mixture	J. Bohr model
E. homogeneous solution	K. Rutherford’s model
F. element	L. quark

 1. The mixture of more than one substance that is the same throughout. _ homogeneous solution_

2. The positively charged particle of the atom. _ proton _

3. A substance that cannot be broken down into smaller parts, is unique in its number of protons. _ element_

4. The neutral particle of the atom. _ neutron_

5. A property that is independent on the amount of a substance _ intensive property_

6. A mixture of more than one substance that remains physically distinct from other parts of the mixture. _ heterogeneous mixture_

 7. Three of these are thought to make up a proton and three a neutron. __ quark_

 8. The negatively charged particle of the atom. _ electron_

 9. The last particle of the atom to be proven to exist: _ neutron_

 10. This model of the atom was proposed by a man that states the electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels: _ Bohr model_

 11. This model of the electron was proposed by J.J. Thompson: _ Plum Pudding Model_

12. This is also called the Planetary Model of the atom: _ Rutherford’s model_

Answer these to the best of your ability.

1. State a characteristic of a physical change taking place in a substance.

Characteristics of a physical change are: those reactions that only affect the physical properties of a substance such as making a substance smaller, making a substance bigger, change in its state (solid to liquid, liquid to gas...).   The substances mix together physically, but can be separated by physical means.  The substances do not change into new substances. 

2. State a characteristic of a chemical change taking place in a substance.

Characteristics of a chemical reaction are: gas bubbles forming, an obvious color change, an odor change, a precipitate forms, heat is generated or absorbed, or if energy is given off in another form (flame or flash of light

3. What will you be doing in the lab today?

The answer should be according to what you have planned, in this example it is observing vials of different substances.

4. In the space after each element write the symbol for it, OR if a symbol is given, write the name of the element.

Copper __Cu___	Helium __He____	Fe ___Iron____
Potassium __K___	Oxygen ___O____	I _Iodine__
Lead ___Pb____	Sulfur __S___	C ___Carbon____
Gold ____Au____	Zinc ____Zn_____	Al ___Aluminum_____
Bromine __Br____	Ni __Nickel__	Na ___Sodium____
Fluorine ___F___	Ca __Calcium__	Ag ___Silver___
Hydrogen __H__	P __Phosphorus__

 

Parent Manual First Semester Chemistry Lab 2: Observation

Lab Purpose:

• To develop skills in observation and in interpreting what is observed

Procedure:

Observation of elements and compounds:

1. Record on your report sheet all you observe regarding the physical properties of each of the test tubes provided, WITHOUT taking the stoppers out of the test tubes. Record as many properties as possible: texture, color, state…
2. On your report sheet, record what can be said about the differences of these element’s physical properties and the compounds containing them.

Equipment needed:

• 2 sets of vials, prepared by instructor

(set 1: copper, sulfur, and cupric sulfate),

(set 2:  carbon, hydrogen gas with oxygen gas, and sugar)

Data and Observations:

Vial	Set 1 Observations
Cu	Bright metallic grains…
S	Yellow powder…
CuSO4	should include something of how this compound is so different from its elements
	Set 2 Observations
C	Black powder…
H2 and O2	Clear gases…
C6H12O6	should include something of how this compound is so different from its elements